Mealworms as Feed for Rats

The Nutritional Value of Mealworms

Macronutrients in Mealworms

Protein Content

Mealworms provide a high‑quality protein source for laboratory and commercial rats. Dry whole‑body mealworms contain approximately 45–55 % crude protein on a dry‑matter basis, depending on species, rearing substrate, and stage of development. The protein fraction is rich in essential amino acids, notably lysine, methionine, and tryptophan, which align closely with the amino‑acid requirements of rodents.

Key nutritional attributes:

Crude protein: 45–55 % (dry weight)
Lysine: 6–7 % of total protein
Methionine + cysteine: 2.5–3 % of total protein
Tryptophan: 0.9–1.1 % of total protein

Compared with conventional rodent feeds such as soy or fish meal, mealworms deliver comparable or higher levels of lysine and methionine, while providing a more balanced profile of non‑essential amino acids. Digestibility studies report apparent protein digestibility values of 85–90 % for mealworm meals, reflecting efficient utilization by the rat gastrointestinal tract.

Protein content varies with larval age. Early‑instar larvae contain 40–45 % protein, whereas mature larvae approach the upper range of 55 %. Processing methods, including freeze‑drying and grinding, preserve protein integrity and minimize loss of amino acids.

Incorporating mealworm protein into rat diets can reduce reliance on traditional plant‑based protein sources, support sustainable feed production, and meet the nutritional demands of growing or breeding rodents.

Fat Content

Mealworms are incorporated into rat rations primarily for their protein and lipid contributions. Their lipid fraction typically ranges from 15 % to 20 % of dry matter, with variations linked to substrate, developmental stage, and processing method. The predominant fatty acids are oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and palmitic (C16:0), providing a balanced mix of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.

The fat content supplies a high‑energy component, delivering approximately 9 kcal g⁻¹. When formulating diets, inclusion of mealworms at 5 %–10 % of total dry weight supplies sufficient lipid calories without exceeding the recommended energy density of 3.5–4.0 kcal g⁻¹ for adult laboratory rats. Exceeding 15 % inclusion may cause excessive caloric intake and potential weight gain.

Compared with conventional fat sources:

Soybean oil: ~100 % lipid, low in essential fatty acids, prone to oxidation.
Fish oil: high in omega‑3 fatty acids, costly, limited shelf life.
Mealworms: moderate lipid level, naturally balanced fatty‑acid profile, additional micronutrients (vitamin E, chitin).

Storage considerations include maintaining low humidity (<10 % moisture) and refrigeration below 4 °C to prevent rancidity. Re‑drying at 60 °C for 2 h before use restores optimal lipid stability.

Overall, the lipid fraction of mealworms contributes essential energy and fatty‑acid diversity, supporting growth, reproduction, and metabolic health when incorporated within established inclusion limits.

Carbohydrate Content

Mealworms are incorporated into rat diets primarily for their protein and fat contributions, yet they also supply a modest amount of carbohydrates. Analyses of commercially reared Tenebrio molitor larvae report total carbohydrate levels ranging from 5 % to 12 % of dry matter, depending on rearing substrate and processing method. The carbohydrate fraction consists mainly of chitin, glycogen, and residual plant material present in the feed given to the insects.

Key determinants of carbohydrate content include:

Rearing substrate composition – diets rich in cereals or legumes increase larval glycogen stores.
Stage of development – early‑instar larvae contain higher glycogen percentages than mature individuals.
Processing technique – drying and grinding can concentrate or dilute carbohydrate fractions relative to protein and fat.

When compared with conventional rodent feeds, which typically contain 45 %–55 % carbohydrates, mealworms contribute a relatively low carbohydrate proportion. This disparity can affect the overall energy balance of a mixed diet; supplementing with grain‑based ingredients may be necessary to meet the carbohydrate requirements of laboratory or pet rats.

Nutritional guidelines for rats recommend that carbohydrates supply roughly 30 %–40 % of total caloric intake. Incorporating mealworms at 10 %–15 % of the diet by weight delivers additional protein and fat while contributing only 0.5 %–1.8 % of the total caloric load from carbohydrates, thereby allowing precise formulation of a balanced ration.

Micronutrients and Vitamins

Essential Minerals

Mealworms incorporated into rat diets supply a comprehensive set of minerals required for skeletal integrity, enzymatic activity, and immune competence. Their mineral composition complements conventional grain‑based feeds, reducing the need for supplemental additives.

Calcium: ~800 mg / 100 g
Phosphorus: ~600 mg / 100 g
Potassium: ~1200 mg / 100 g
Magnesium: ~80 mg / 100 g
Iron: ~5 mg / 100 g
Zinc: ~15 mg / 100 g
Copper: ~1 mg / 100 g
Selenium: ~0.02 mg / 100 g

These values reflect average concentrations across commercially reared larvae; variations arise from substrate composition and rearing conditions. The presence of chitin influences mineral release, yet studies show high absorption rates for calcium, phosphorus, and trace elements when mealworms are processed into meal or ground form.

Formulating a balanced ration requires aligning mealworm inclusion with the National Research Council’s recommended mineral allowances for rats (e.g., calcium 0.5 % of diet, phosphorus 0.4 %). A typical inclusion level of 10–15 % dried mealworm material satisfies a substantial portion of these targets without exceeding tolerable limits for copper or selenium. Excessive inclusion may elevate calcium‑phosphorus ratios, necessitating adjustment of supplemental sources.

Regular analysis of feed batches and periodic blood chemistry in the animal population ensure that mineral status remains within optimal ranges. Adjustments to inclusion rates or complementary mineral premixes should be made promptly if deviations are detected.

Vitamin Profile

Mealworms provide a concentrated source of vitamins that complement the nutritional requirements of laboratory and pet rats. The typical vitamin composition of dried mealworm larvae (per 100 g dry matter) includes:

Vitamin A (retinol): 2.5 mg, supporting ocular health and epithelial maintenance.
Vitamin D₂ (ergocalciferol): 0.05 µg, contributing to calcium metabolism.
Vitamin E (α‑tocopherol): 5 mg, acting as an antioxidant.
Vitamin K₁ (phylloquinone): 1 µg, essential for blood clotting.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): <0.5 mg, generally insufficient for rats’ needs and requiring supplementation.

The B‑vitamin complex is especially pronounced:

Thiamine (B₁): 1.2 mg
Riboflavin (B₂): 2.0 mg
Niacin (B₃): 30 mg
Pantothenic acid (B₅): 4 mg
Pyridoxine (B₆): 1.5 mg
Biotin (B₇): 0.2 µg
Folate (B₉): 150 µg
Cobalamin (B₁₂): 0.1 µg

These levels exceed those found in standard rodent chow, which typically supplies less than half the niacin and riboflavin concentrations. The high B‑vitamin content aids energy metabolism, nerve function, and red blood cell formation. Vitamin A and E concentrations approach or surpass recommended daily allowances for adult rats, reducing the risk of deficiency‑related disorders.

Because vitamin C is present only in trace amounts, diets relying heavily on mealworms should incorporate an external source of ascorbic acid to meet the species’ requirement of approximately 10 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. Likewise, vitamin D₂ levels remain low; supplementation with vitamin D₃ is advisable to ensure adequate calcium absorption.

In practice, integrating mealworms at 5–10 % of the total diet by weight delivers a significant boost to the overall vitamin intake without displacing essential macronutrients. Continuous monitoring of serum vitamin concentrations ensures that the combined feed formulation maintains balance and prevents hypervitaminosis.

Benefits of Feeding Mealworms to Rats

Dietary Enrichment and Variety

Mealworms provide a protein‑rich supplement that expands the nutritional profile of standard rat chow. Their chitin content contributes fiber, while the high levels of essential amino acids complement the grain‑based diet. Incorporating a modest proportion—typically 5–10 % of total feed weight—delivers measurable improvements in growth rates and reproductive performance without displacing core nutrients.

Variety in a rat’s diet stimulates natural foraging behavior and reduces the risk of monotony‑related stress. Mealworms introduce a distinct texture and movement, encouraging active pursuit and manipulation. This sensory engagement supports musculoskeletal development and promotes mental acuity.

Key advantages of adding mealworms include:

Enhanced protein intake with balanced amino acid spectrum
Additional dietary fiber from chitin
Increased micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and B‑vitamins
Promotion of exploratory behavior through live or thawed insects
Flexibility to rotate with other insect or plant‑based treats for broader nutritional coverage

When integrating mealworms, maintain hygiene by storing them in sealed containers at low temperature and monitoring for spoilage. Gradual introduction allows the digestive system to adapt, minimizing gastrointestinal upset. Regular assessment of body condition and feed consumption ensures the supplement contributes positively to overall health.

Improved Coat and Skin Health

Mealworms provide a high‑quality protein source rich in essential fatty acids, chitin, and micronutrients that directly affect the integumentary system of laboratory and pet rats. The lipid profile, particularly the presence of omega‑3 and omega‑6 fatty acids, supports the synthesis of sebum, which maintains fur luster and skin moisture. Chitin contributes to the formation of keratin structures, reinforcing hair shafts and reducing breakage.

Key observable outcomes of regular mealworm inclusion are:

Enhanced fur shine and uniform coloration
Decreased incidence of dry patches and flaky skin
Lower frequency of dermatitis and wound infection
Faster regeneration of damaged hair follicles

Effective implementation requires a balanced inclusion rate, typically 5–10 % of the total diet by weight, to avoid excess caloric intake while delivering sufficient nutrients. Continuous monitoring of body condition and coat quality ensures that the dietary adjustment yields the intended dermatological benefits without compromising overall health.

Source of Natural Instinctual Behavior

Mealworms offered to rats act as a biologically relevant food item that stimulates innate foraging and predatory responses. The movement, texture, and scent of live larvae mimic natural prey, prompting rats to engage in digging, grasping, and chewing actions that are otherwise absent with processed pellets.

Exploration of substrate while searching for larvae
Rapid paw‑to‑mouth coordination during capture
Auditory and olfactory tracking of moving prey
Adaptive bite force adjustment to overcome exoskeleton resistance

These behaviors reinforce neural pathways associated with hunting and problem‑solving. When rats interact with mealworms, they exhibit heightened alertness, increased exploratory locomotion, and more frequent use of tactile whisker input. The resulting activity pattern mirrors that observed in wild rodents encountering insects, thereby preserving species‑typical motor sequences.

Incorporating mealworms into laboratory or husbandry diets provides a practical method for maintaining behavioral repertoire without artificial enrichment devices. The natural stimulus also supports muscle development and motor skill refinement, contributing to overall physiological robustness.

Training and Enrichment Aid

Mealworms provide a high‑protein, palatable incentive that can be leveraged to shape desired behaviors in laboratory and pet rats. When presented as a reward, they trigger rapid engagement, allowing precise reinforcement of tasks such as maze navigation, lever pressing, or target acquisition. The strong olfactory and gustatory appeal of the larvae reduces latency between cue and response, improving the reliability of conditioning protocols.

In enrichment programs, mealworms serve as a foraging stimulus that mimics natural hunting. Introducing live or pre‑killed larvae into the cage encourages exploration, problem‑solving, and manipulation of objects. This activity satisfies innate predatory instincts, resulting in increased locomotor activity and reduced stereotypic behaviors.

Practical implementation:

Offer a single mealworm after each correct response during operant training to maintain motivation.
Hide a few larvae in substrate or puzzle devices for 10–15 minutes daily to promote digging and object handling.
Rotate the number and size of larvae (e.g., whole, sliced, frozen) to prevent habituation.
Record the latency to first contact and consumption rate to monitor individual engagement levels.

Proper handling includes sterilizing the insects, storing them at appropriate temperatures, and limiting portions to avoid excessive caloric intake. Integration of mealworms into training and enrichment schedules enhances cognitive performance and welfare without compromising dietary balance.

Potential Risks and Considerations

Digestive Issues and Overfeeding

Proper Portion Sizes

Mealworms provide a high‑protein supplement for laboratory and pet rats, but the amount offered must match the animal’s size, metabolic rate, and overall diet composition. Overfeeding can lead to excess fat accumulation, while underfeeding reduces the nutritional benefit. Adjust portions according to the following parameters:

Small rats (under 150 g): 1–2 g fresh or 0.5–1 g dried mealworms per day, representing no more than 5 % of total caloric intake.
Medium rats (150–250 g): 2–4 g fresh or 1–2 g dried mealworms daily, up to 7 % of total calories.
Large rats (over 250 g): 4–6 g fresh or 2–3 g dried mealworms daily, not exceeding 10 % of total calories.

When incorporating mealworms, balance the rest of the diet with standard rodent pellets, fresh vegetables, and water. Monitor body weight and condition weekly; adjust portions if weight gain exceeds 2 % per week or if the rat shows signs of reduced activity. Replace any uneaten mealworms within two hours to prevent spoilage and bacterial growth.

Gradual Introduction

Introducing mealworms into a rat’s diet should follow a step‑by‑step protocol to prevent digestive upset and ensure acceptance. Begin by offering a single, small live or dried worm mixed with the regular chow. Observe the animal for 24 hours; if the worm is consumed without adverse signs, increase the portion to two or three worms on alternate days.

After the initial week, replace a modest portion of the standard feed (approximately 10 % of total daily intake) with chopped or powdered insects. Maintain this ratio for another 5–7 days, monitoring weight, fecal consistency, and behavior.

If the rats tolerate the reduced conventional feed, gradually raise the insect contribution by 5 % increments each week until the desired inclusion level (commonly 20–30 % of the diet) is reached. Throughout the transition, keep water availability constant and provide a balanced source of vitamins and minerals to compensate for any nutritional gaps.

Key points for a successful phased integration:

Start with a single worm per rat, mixed with regular food.
Extend exposure over at least one week before increasing quantity.
Replace a small, measured part of the standard diet each step.
Observe health indicators daily; revert to previous level if issues arise.
Ensure supplemental nutrients to maintain overall diet quality.

Adhering to this gradual method minimizes stress, supports gut adaptation, and promotes consistent intake of the new protein source.

Sourcing and Storage of Mealworms

Live vs. Dried Mealworms

Mealworms are a common protein source for laboratory and pet rodents, and the choice between live and dried specimens influences nutritional intake, handling, and health outcomes.

Live mealworms provide moisture, active movement, and a more natural foraging experience. Their water content ranges from 70 % to 80 %, contributing to the rats’ overall hydration. The movement stimulates predatory instincts, encouraging exercise and reducing boredom. However, live insects may carry pathogens, require refrigeration to maintain viability, and generate waste that must be managed. Their nutritional profile can vary with diet and age, leading to inconsistent protein and fat levels.

Dried mealworms offer stability, precise nutrient composition, and ease of storage. Dehydration reduces moisture to less than 10 %, extending shelf life without refrigeration. Standardized processing yields approximately 50 % protein and 30 % fat on a dry‑matter basis, facilitating accurate diet formulation. The lack of movement eliminates the risk of escape or injury, and the product is free from most live‑associated parasites. Drawbacks include the absence of natural enrichment and the need to supplement water separately.

Key differences

Moisture content: live ≈ 75 % vs. dried < 10 %
Storage requirements: refrigerated vs. ambient, long‑term
Nutrient consistency: variable vs. standardized
Enrichment value: active foraging vs. inert feed
Health considerations: potential live‑borne pathogens vs. reduced pathogen risk

Selecting between live and dried mealworms depends on the specific goals of the feeding program, balancing enrichment benefits against logistical and health factors.

Preventing Contamination

Mealworms incorporated into a rat diet require strict contamination control to safeguard animal health and experimental integrity. Contamination sources include microbial growth, pesticide residues, and foreign material introduced during harvesting, processing, or storage.

Key preventive measures:

Source larvae from certified suppliers who test batches for pathogens, heavy metals, and pesticide levels.
Inspect incoming shipments for visual signs of mold, discoloration, or dead insects; reject any compromised lots.
Store mealworms in temperature‑controlled containers (4–8 °C) with low humidity to inhibit bacterial proliferation.
Use airtight, food‑grade containers; label with receipt date and expiration to enforce first‑in‑first‑out rotation.
Clean all handling equipment, trays, and feeding stations with approved disinfectants before each use.
Implement a documented sanitation schedule covering daily surface cleaning and weekly deep sanitation of storage units.
Conduct routine microbiological assays on stored inventory, targeting total viable counts and specific pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and E. coli.
Separate mealworm batches from other feed types to prevent cross‑contamination; maintain dedicated utensils and storage areas.
Dispose of dead or expired larvae promptly in sealed biohazard bags; follow institutional waste‑management protocols.

Monitoring compliance with these protocols ensures that mealworm‑based rat feed remains free from harmful contaminants, supporting reliable research outcomes and optimal animal welfare.

Allergic Reactions and Sensitivities

Mealworms are increasingly incorporated into rodent nutrition as a protein source, but they can provoke immune-mediated responses in susceptible individuals. Allergic reactions arise when the rat’s immune system recognizes specific proteins in the insects as foreign, leading to the production of IgE antibodies and subsequent inflammatory processes.

Typical manifestations include:

Dermatitis or localized skin redness at the site of contact
Respiratory distress, such as wheezing or labored breathing
Gastrointestinal upset, characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, or reduced appetite
Anaphylactic shock in severe cases, evident by rapid pulse, collapse, and cyanosis

Risk factors encompass prior exposure to arthropod allergens, genetic predisposition, and concurrent ingestion of other novel proteins. Cross-reactivity may occur with crustacean or insect-derived products, increasing the likelihood of a reaction when multiple sources are present in the diet.

Management strategies involve:

Conducting a gradual introduction of mealworm material, starting with minimal quantities and observing for adverse signs.
Maintaining a detailed log of feed composition, dosage, and any clinical observations to identify patterns.
Consulting a veterinarian promptly if symptoms develop; treatment may require antihistamines, corticosteroids, or emergency supportive care.

Preventive measures include sourcing mealworms from reputable suppliers that guarantee low microbial load and minimal pesticide residue, as contaminants can exacerbate hypersensitivity. Regular health monitoring remains essential to ensure that the nutritional benefits of insect protein do not compromise animal welfare.

How to Incorporate Mealworms into a Rat's Diet

As a Treat

Mealworms provide a high‑protein, low‑fat snack that many rats accept readily. Their natural composition supplies essential amino acids, chitin, and modest amounts of calcium and vitamins, making them a valuable occasional indulgence beyond a basal diet.

Nutritional contribution of a typical serving (approximately 3–5 grams) includes:

20 % protein, supporting muscle maintenance;
5 % fat, offering a modest energy boost;
Chitin, which can aid digestive health;
Trace minerals such as iron and zinc.

When offering mealworms as a treat, follow these guidelines:

Limit to no more than 5 % of total daily caloric intake.
Present live or frozen insects in a clean container to prevent contamination.
Adjust portion size according to the rat’s weight and activity level.
Monitor for signs of digestive upset; discontinue if vomiting or diarrhea occurs.

Safety considerations require thorough inspection of insects for mold, parasites, or pesticide residues. Source mealworms from reputable suppliers, and store frozen batches at –18 °C or lower until use. Regular rotation with other treats maintains dietary balance and prevents overreliance on a single protein source.

As a Supplemental Food Source

Mealworms present a viable supplemental protein source for laboratory and pet rats, complementing conventional grain‑based diets. Their high protein (≈ 50 % dry matter) and lipid (≈ 20 % dry matter) content deliver essential amino acids and fatty acids absent in standard feed formulations.

Key nutritional contributions include:

Complete protein profile with lysine, methionine, and tryptophan.
Energy density comparable to animal‑derived meals.
Chitin, which may promote gut health and stimulate immune response.

Practical considerations:

Inclusion rate – 5–10 % of total diet weight maintains nutrient balance without displacing essential vitamins and minerals.
Processing – Freeze‑drying or oven‑baking eliminates pathogens while preserving nutrient integrity; raw specimens require stringent hygiene protocols.
Storage – Keep in airtight containers at 4 °C or lower; moisture accumulation accelerates spoilage.
Palatability – Rats readily accept mealworms mixed with standard feed; occasional whole larvae can serve as enrichment.

Potential limitations:

Chitin excess may reduce digestibility; monitor fecal consistency.
Variable calcium‑phosphorus ratio necessitates supplementation to avoid skeletal imbalances.
Cost per kilogram exceeds that of conventional protein meals; evaluate budget impact.

Implementation protocol:

Prepare a batch of freeze‑dried mealworm powder.
Blend with base diet at the prescribed inclusion rate.
Conduct a 2‑week adaptation period, observing weight gain, feed intake, and health markers.
Adjust proportion based on performance data and laboratory standards.

When integrated correctly, mealworms enhance dietary diversity, supply concentrated nutrients, and support overall growth and reproductive performance in rats.

Preparation Methods

Raw

Raw mealworms provide a concentrated source of protein, fat, and essential micronutrients for laboratory and pet rats. A typical composition includes 50 % protein, 30 % fat, and measurable levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin B‑complex, supporting rapid growth and tissue repair. The absence of processing preserves enzymatic activity and natural chitin, which may enhance gut health and immune response.

Nutritional advantages of unprocessed larvae stem from their intact cellular structures. Digestibility rates exceed 85 % for protein and 70 % for fat, delivering efficient energy conversion. Chitin, present in the exoskeleton, functions as a prebiotic fiber, encouraging beneficial gut microbiota. Mineral ratios approximate 1.2 : 1 calcium to phosphorus, aligning with rat dietary requirements.

Practical considerations for raw mealworm use include:

Storage at 4–8 °C to inhibit microbial proliferation; consumption within 7 days recommended.
Inspection for mold, discoloration, or foul odor before inclusion in feed.
Gradual introduction, starting at 5 % of total diet weight and increasing to 10–15 % based on observed acceptance and body condition.
Supplementation with additional calcium sources if diet exceeds 20 % mealworm content, to maintain optimal Ca:P balance.

Safety protocols demand regular sanitation of feeding containers and avoidance of cross‑contamination with other feed items. Heat‑treated alternatives eliminate pathogen risk but reduce some nutritional benefits; raw larvae remain suitable when sourced from reputable suppliers adhering to hygienic rearing practices.

Cooked or Dried

Mealworms provide a high‑protein, low‑fat ingredient for laboratory and pet rats, and the method of preparation influences digestibility, microbial load, and convenience.

Cooking mealworms denatures proteins, making amino acids more accessible and eliminates most pathogens. Typical procedures involve blanching in boiling water for 2–3 minutes, followed by cooling and optional seasoning with a calcium supplement. Cooked insects retain moisture, which supports palatability but shortens shelf life; refrigeration at 4 °C is required and consumption should occur within 3 days. Heat treatment reduces the content of chitin, slightly lowering fiber while preserving most essential nutrients.

Drying removes water, creating a stable product that can be stored at room temperature for several months. Dehydration methods include oven drying at 60–70 °C for 4–6 hours or low‑temperature freeze‑drying. Dried mealworms retain a higher proportion of chitin, offering additional dietary fiber. The concentration of protein and micronutrients rises proportionally to moisture loss, allowing precise dosing. Rehydration before feeding can improve acceptance, but many rats consume the dry form directly.

Key differences

Shelf life: cooked – up to 3 days refrigerated; dried – up to 6 months ambient.
Nutrient density: cooked – slightly reduced fiber; dried – higher protein per gram.
Preparation effort: cooked – brief boiling; dried – longer drying or purchase of pre‑dried product.
Palatability: cooked – softer texture; dried – crunchy, may require gradual introduction.

For balanced diets, incorporate cooked or dried mealworms at 5–10 % of total feed weight, adjusting for the animal’s age and activity level. Store dried insects in airtight containers with a desiccant packet to prevent moisture ingress. Rotate stock to use older batches first, and monitor for off‑odors that indicate spoilage.

Frequency of Feeding

Mealworms provide a high‑protein supplement for laboratory and pet rats, and their nutritional value depends on consistent delivery. Feeding intervals influence digestion, growth rates, and the stability of gut microbiota.

Juvenile rats (4–8 weeks): 2–3 small portions per day, spaced 4–6 hours apart. Each portion should contain 0.5–1 g of live or dried mealworms, adjusted for body weight.
Adult rats (≥8 weeks): 1–2 portions per day, separated by at least 8 hours. Typical portion size ranges from 1–2 g, with occasional reductions for overweight individuals.
Breeding pairs: 1 portion daily, increased to 2 portions during late gestation and lactation to meet heightened protein demands.

Frequency may be altered by health status. Sick or stressed rats benefit from reduced frequency (once daily) to minimize metabolic load, while highly active or growing individuals tolerate higher frequencies without adverse effects. Monitoring body condition and stool consistency guides adjustments.

Consistent timing reinforces feeding routines, prevents competition among cage mates, and reduces waste. Record each feeding event to track intake and detect deviations promptly.