"Feed" - what is it, definition of the term
The term denotes a formulated blend of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals intended to satisfy the dietary needs of small rodents such as rats and mice, delivered in a form that allows precise measurement and consistent consumption.
Detailed information
Nutritional provision for rats and mice must meet the specific physiological demands of each species. Formulations are designed to support growth, reproduction, and long‑term health, with precise ratios of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Protein content typically ranges from 18 % to 24 % of the dry matter, providing essential amino acids for tissue synthesis. Carbohydrates supply 45 % to 55 % of the diet, serving as the primary energy source. Fat contributes 4 % to 8 % and supplies essential fatty acids and additional caloric density.
Key micronutrients include:
- Vitamin A, D₃, E, K₁ for vision, bone metabolism, antioxidant protection, and coagulation.
- B‑complex vitamins (B₁, B₂, B₆, B₁₂, niacin, folic acid) for enzymatic processes and red blood cell formation.
- Minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, and selenium, balanced to prevent deficiencies and excesses.
- Fiber sources (cellulose, beet pulp) to promote gastrointestinal motility and microbiome stability.
Formulations are available in several formats:
- Pelleted diets: uniform particle size, low spillage, suitable for ad libitum access.
- Extruded blocks: higher density, reduced dust, ideal for caged environments.
- Grain‑based mixes: rich in natural seeds and cereals, used for breeding colonies requiring higher energy intake.
- Specialized blends: enriched with reproductive hormones, growth promoters, or reduced calories for weight‑management studies.
Feeding regimes differ according to experimental design. Unlimited access (ad libitum) ensures constant intake but may obscure appetite‑related variables; restricted schedules provide controlled caloric input, typically 3 g to 5 g per 100 g body weight per day for adult rodents. Juvenile animals require higher per‑weight allocations to accommodate rapid growth.
Storage conditions affect nutrient stability. Products should be kept in a dry, cool environment (15 °C – 20 °C) with humidity below 60 %. Sealed containers prevent oxidation and microbial contamination; most formulations retain potency for 12 months when unopened, with a recommended usage period of 6 months after opening.
Safety measures include routine testing for mycotoxins, heavy metals, and bacterial load. Batch records must document ingredient sources and quality‑control results. Any sign of spoilage—off‑odor, discoloration, clumping—necessitates immediate disposal to avoid health risks.