Who are domestic rats? - briefly
Domestic rats refer to the domesticated form of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) that is kept as a pet or used in scientific research, characterized by selective breeding for docility and adaptability to human environments.
Who are domestic rats? - in detail
Domestic rats are members of the species Rattus norvegicus that have been selectively bred for companionship, research, or exhibition. Over generations, breeders have emphasized traits such as calm temperament, varied coat colors, and reduced aggression, distinguishing them from feral counterparts that retain survival‑oriented behaviors.
Physiologically, domesticated rats share the same anatomy as wild Norway rats: a compact body, whiskered snout, sharp incisors, and a highly developed sense of smell. Their average adult weight ranges from 300 to 500 g, and they reach sexual maturity at about five weeks. Genetic selection has produced a spectrum of coat patterns—solid, hooded, sable, and rex—alongside eye colors including pink, red, and black.
Behaviorally, pet rats exhibit strong social bonds with conspecifics and humans. They communicate through ultrasonic vocalizations, scent marking, and body language such as grooming and nose‑to‑nose contact. When handled frequently, they display reduced stress responses, evidenced by lower cortisol levels and increased exploratory activity in novel environments.
Key aspects of care include:
- Housing: Minimum floor space of 2 ft² per rat; solid‑bottom cages with wire mesh sides for ventilation. Provide nesting material, tunnels, and chewable objects to satisfy gnawing instincts.
- Nutrition: Balanced commercial rodent pellets supplemented with fresh vegetables, limited fruit, and occasional protein sources. Water must be available continuously via a sipper bottle.
- Health monitoring: Regular inspection for respiratory signs (nasal discharge, sneezing), skin lesions, and dental overgrowth. Veterinary check‑ups at least annually, with vaccinations only when required for research protocols.
- Reproduction management: Females can produce up to eight litters per year, each containing 6–12 pups. Controlled breeding prevents overpopulation and reduces genetic drift.
Domesticated rats serve multiple roles beyond companionship. In scientific research, their predictable genetics and manageable size make them ideal models for studies in neurobiology, immunology, and pharmacology. In exhibition settings, they are judged on conformation, coat quality, and temperament.
Overall, the domestic rat is a genetically refined, socially adaptable rodent that thrives under proper husbandry, offering both emotional enrichment for owners and valuable contributions to scientific inquiry.