How can you tell that a rat is unwell? - briefly
Observe for ruffled or dull fur, lethargy, labored breathing, noticeable weight loss, or discharge from eyes, nose, or ears; any of these symptoms indicate the animal may be ill.
How can you tell that a rat is unwell? - in detail
Observing a pet or laboratory rat for signs of poor health requires attention to behavior, appearance, and physiological functions.
Changes in activity level are often the first indicator. A normally active rodent that becomes lethargic, hides for prolonged periods, or shows difficulty moving should be considered at risk. Conversely, excessive agitation, frantic running, or repetitive circling may signal neurological distress or pain.
Appetite and water consumption provide measurable clues. A noticeable decline in food intake, refusal of familiar treats, or a reduction in drinking frequency suggests gastrointestinal upset, infection, or metabolic imbalance. Weight loss of more than 5 % within a week warrants immediate evaluation.
Physical examination of the coat and skin reveals many problems. A glossy, well‑groomed fur indicates good health, while a dull, matted, or unkempt coat points to illness or discomfort. Hair loss, scabs, or parasites are visible signs of dermatological issues.
Inspect the eyes, nose, and mouth. Clear, bright eyes without discharge are normal; watery or pus‑filled eyes, crusted nasal passages, or a runny nose often accompany respiratory infections. Red or inflamed gums, ulcerations, or excessive drooling can indicate dental disease or oral infection.
Monitor respiratory and cardiovascular function. Rapid, shallow breathing, audible wheezes, or coughing indicate respiratory distress. A heart rate markedly above or below normal (350–500 bpm for adult rats) may reflect cardiac or systemic problems.
Examine the abdomen for swelling, tenderness, or abnormal posture. A distended belly can result from gastrointestinal blockage, organ enlargement, or fluid accumulation.
Observe excretory patterns. Diarrhea, abnormal stool consistency, or blood in feces suggest intestinal infection or parasite load. Urine that is cloudy, contains blood, or is produced in reduced volume may signal renal issues.
Check for neurological deficits. Unsteady gait, tremors, head tilting, or loss of balance indicate central nervous system involvement.
Record any abnormal vocalizations, such as high‑pitched squeaks or whines, which often accompany pain or distress.
Regularly weighing the animal and maintaining a health log enables early detection of trends. Any deviation from baseline in the categories above should prompt veterinary consultation or, in a research setting, a humane endpoint assessment.