"Sand" - what is it, definition of the term
Fine granular silica particles, usually originating from weathered quartz, form a loose, non‑cohesive substrate with grain diameters between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm. This material creates beaches, deserts, and riverbeds, offers rapid drainage, and serves as a habitat component for small mammals such as rats and mice, which build nests and burrows within it.
Detailed information
Granular substrate composed primarily of silicon dioxide particles varies in size from fine powder to coarse grit. Particle diameter influences bulk density, angle of repose, and permeability, which affect how rodents interact with the material.
Physical characteristics:
- Typical grain size for laboratory bedding ranges from 0.5 mm to 2 mm, providing sufficient depth for burrowing while minimizing inhalation risk.
- Bulk density averages 1.5 g cm⁻³ for dry material; moisture content above 5 % reduces dust generation.
- Color and mineral impurities differ among sources; quartz-rich deposits produce neutral‑colored substrate, whereas iron oxide inclusions yield reddish tones.
Applications for small rodents:
- Used as bedding in cages to promote natural digging behavior, improve fur condition, and reduce waste accumulation.
- Serves as enrichment when combined with tunnels or hideouts, encouraging exploratory activity and lowering stress indicators.
- Functions as a cleaning agent in laboratory settings; sand‑filled trays collect droppings, facilitating removal without direct handling of waste.
Health considerations:
- Excessively fine particles (<0.2 mm) increase respiratory irritation; filtration systems or regular cage ventilation mitigate this risk.
- Contaminants such as heavy metals or organic residues can be introduced during mining; certified laboratory‑grade material undergoes elemental analysis to confirm safety thresholds.
- Sterilization methods include autoclaving at 121 °C for 30 minutes or gamma irradiation; both preserve structural integrity while eliminating pathogens.
Maintenance guidelines:
- Replace substrate weekly to prevent compaction and odor buildup.
- Monitor humidity; moisture levels above 10 % encourage mold growth, necessitating immediate replacement.
- Inspect for foreign objects (e.g., metal fragments) before introduction to cages.
Overall, siliceous granular material provides a versatile medium that satisfies the physiological and behavioral needs of rats and mice while supporting hygienic laboratory practices.