Why are rats used in research? - briefly
Rats possess physiological and genetic traits closely resembling those of humans, enabling findings to be applicable to human health. Their small size, quick reproductive cycle, and extensively documented biology make them economical and practical laboratory models.
Why are rats used in research? - in detail
Rats are preferred laboratory subjects because they combine biological similarity to humans with practical advantages. Their genetic, physiological, and metabolic traits mirror many human systems, allowing researchers to extrapolate findings on disease mechanisms, drug metabolism, and organ function. The species reproduces quickly, producing large litters that enable statistically robust experiments while keeping costs low. Their size facilitates surgical manipulation, implantation of devices, and repeated sampling without excessive tissue loss. A wealth of standardized strains, each with documented genetic backgrounds, provides reproducibility across laboratories and supports the creation of disease models through selective breeding or genetic engineering.
Key factors include:
- Short life cycle – rapid maturation and short gestation permit longitudinal studies within a few months.
- Well‑characterized genome – extensive genomic data and tools for gene editing (CRISPR, transgenic lines) enable precise manipulation of target pathways.
- Behavioral repertoire – complex social and cognitive behaviors allow assessment of neurological, psychiatric, and addiction research.
- Ease of housing – small footprint and adaptability to cage environments simplify large‑scale colony management.
- Regulatory acceptance – established guidelines and historical data make rat studies compliant with ethical and safety standards for pre‑clinical testing.
These attributes collectively make rats a versatile model for investigating pathology, evaluating therapeutic efficacy, and advancing biomedical knowledge before transitioning to higher‑order animals or clinical trials.