What is harmful to rats? - briefly
Anticoagulant rodenticides (e.g., bromadiolone, brodifacoum), heavy metals such as lead and zinc, high concentrations of essential oils like peppermint, nicotine, caffeine, and organophosphate or carbamate pesticides are toxic to rats. Exposure to these agents can cause rapid organ failure, hemorrhage, or neurological collapse.
What is harmful to rats? - in detail
Rats are vulnerable to a range of toxic agents, nutritional imbalances, and environmental conditions that can cause acute or chronic health problems.
Chemical poisons commonly used for pest control, such as anticoagulant rodenticides (warfarin, brodifacoum, bromadiolone), disrupt blood clotting and lead to internal bleeding. Metal salts, including zinc phosphide and aluminum phosphide, generate phosphine gas in the stomach, causing respiratory failure. Organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids interfere with nerve transmission, resulting in paralysis or death. Ingestion of household cleaners containing bleach, ammonia, or strong acids can damage mucous membranes and internal organs.
Certain foods are intrinsically dangerous. Chocolate, especially dark varieties, contains theobromine, a stimulant toxic to rodents at relatively low doses. Caffeine, found in coffee, tea, and energy drinks, produces cardiac arrhythmias and seizures. Grapes and raisins have been linked to renal failure in some mammals, including rats. High‑fat or high‑sugar diets promote obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease.
Nutritional deficiencies also pose risks. Lack of essential vitamins (A, D, E, K) or minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) can impair bone development, immune function, and coagulation. Excessive salt intake leads to dehydration, hypertension, and kidney damage.
Environmental factors contribute to morbidity. Temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) cause hypothermia, while heat above 30 °C (86 °F) can result in heat stress and organ failure. Poor ventilation increases ammonia buildup from urine, irritating respiratory tracts. Overcrowding facilitates the spread of pathogens such as Salmonella, Leptospira, and respiratory viruses.
Physical hazards include sharp objects, exposed wires, and small parts that can cause gastrointestinal obstruction or perforation if ingested. Sticky adhesives and glue traps can result in severe skin lesions and systemic toxicity from the adhesive chemicals.
In summary, rats are harmed by:
- Anticoagulant and metal phosphide rodenticides
- Organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides
- Household cleaners with strong acids, bases, or bleach
- Foods containing theobromine, caffeine, grapes/raisins, or excessive fats/sugars
- Deficiencies or excesses of vitamins and minerals
- Extreme temperatures, inadequate ventilation, and overcrowding
- Physical injuries from sharp or small objects, and adhesive traps
Avoiding these agents and maintaining proper nutrition, temperature, and sanitation reduces the likelihood of toxicity and disease in laboratory or pet rat populations.