"Poison" - what is it, definition of the term
«Poison» denotes a chemical or biological agent that, when introduced into an organism, disrupts normal biochemical pathways, damages cellular structures, or interferes with vital physiological functions, leading to injury or death. Such agents may act through ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption, or injection, often by binding to essential enzymes, blocking receptors, or causing uncontrolled metabolic reactions. In rodent control, toxic substances are formulated to target rats and mice, exploiting species‑specific feeding behaviors and metabolic vulnerabilities to achieve rapid lethality while minimizing exposure to non‑target species.
Detailed information
Rodents such as rats and mice are frequently controlled with toxic compounds specifically formulated to disrupt physiological processes. These agents act primarily through one of three mechanisms: inhibition of blood coagulation, interference with central nervous system function, or disruption of cellular respiration.
Anticoagulant agents impede the synthesis of vitamin K‑dependent clotting factors, leading to internal hemorrhage. First‑generation compounds require multiple feedings, whereas second‑generation formulations achieve lethal outcomes after a single ingestion due to higher potency and longer biological half‑life.
Neurotoxic substances target neurotransmitter receptors or ion channels. Common examples include bromethalin, which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and chlorophacinone derivatives that block GABA‑mediated inhibition. These agents cause progressive paralysis, loss of coordination, and eventual death.
Metabolic poisons such as metal phosphides release phosphine gas upon contact with stomach acid, impairing mitochondrial enzymes and causing rapid systemic failure.
Delivery systems are designed to maximize exposure while minimizing non‑target risks. Bait stations encase the toxic matrix in hardened blocks, limiting access to small mammals. Pelleted formulations can be mixed with attractants (e.g., grain, peanut butter) to increase palatability. Gel baits and liquid emulsions provide alternatives for environments where solid baits are impractical.
Resistance management requires rotation of agents with distinct modes of action. Monitoring of rodent populations for reduced susceptibility guides selection of appropriate compounds, preventing the establishment of tolerant strains.
Safety considerations mandate the use of personal protective equipment during handling, secure storage away from food sources, and adherence to regulatory disposal procedures. Accidental exposure can be mitigated by immediate decontamination and, where applicable, administration of specific antidotes (e.g., vitamin K₁ for anticoagulant poisoning).
Effective control programs integrate toxic agents with environmental sanitation, exclusion techniques, and population monitoring to achieve sustained reduction of rat and mouse infestations.