How many pups does a field mouse give birth to? - briefly
Field mice usually produce litters of four to seven young, though numbers can range from three up to a dozen in exceptional cases.
How many pups does a field mouse give birth to? - in detail
Field mice typically produce litters ranging from four to eight offspring, with most studies reporting an average of five to six young per birth. Laboratory observations of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) and the house mouse (Mus musculus) show maximum litter sizes of twelve and ten, respectively, when conditions are optimal.
Several variables influence the number of neonates. Adult age determines reproductive capacity; first‑time breeders often have smaller litters than mature females. Nutritional intake directly affects embryonic development; abundant protein and energy sources increase litter size. Seasonal cycles play a role, as breeding peaks in spring and early summer when food is plentiful, resulting in larger broods. High population density can suppress litter size through stress‑induced hormonal changes.
Key data points from field research:
- Average litter size: 5–6 pups
- Common range: 4–8 pups
- Recorded maximum: up to 12 pups in exceptional cases
- Gestation period: 19–23 days
- Breeding frequency: up to five litters per year in favorable climates
Compared with other small rodents, field mice produce fewer young than some species of rats, which can exceed ten per litter, but more than many shrew species that often have only two to three offspring. The reproductive output reflects an evolutionary balance between rapid population turnover and the limited resources typical of temperate field environments.