What is the name of rat poison and how does it work? - briefly
The principal rodenticide is an anticoagulant such as brodifacoum, bromadiolone or warfarin. It blocks vitamin K recycling, causing uncontrolled bleeding that ultimately kills the rodent.
What is the name of rat poison and how does it work? - in detail
Rodent control products fall into several chemical families, each with a distinct active ingredient and mode of action. The most widely used class comprises anticoagulants such as warfarin, bromadiolone, brodifacoum, and difethialone. Another group includes metal phosphides, principally zinc phosphide. Additional formulations contain bromethalin, cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃), and sodium nitrite.
Anticoagulants block the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase, preventing regeneration of reduced vitamin K. This inhibition stops the hepatic synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. Depletion of these proteins produces internal hemorrhage, typically manifesting within days after ingestion. The effect is cumulative; sub‑lethal doses gradually increase blood‑clotting deficiency.
Metal phosphides react with stomach acid to generate phosphine gas (PH₃). Phosphine penetrates cellular membranes and disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, leading to rapid energy failure and multi‑organ toxicity. Clinical signs appear within hours, often including respiratory distress and convulsions.
Bromethalin interferes with mitochondrial ATP production by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. The resulting energy deficit causes neuronal swelling and cerebral edema, producing ataxia, tremors, and paralysis. Toxicity may develop over 24–48 hours.
Cholecalciferol induces hypercalcemia by increasing intestinal calcium absorption. Elevated calcium precipitates in soft tissues, causing renal failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and vascular calcification. Symptoms emerge several days after exposure.
Rodenticides are supplied as pellets, blocks, or liquid baits, often placed in tamper‑resistant stations to limit non‑target exposure. Recommended concentrations vary by active ingredient but generally range from 0.005 % to 0.025 % for anticoagulants and up to 0.1 % for bromethalin. Safety protocols require personal protective equipment during handling, secure storage, and proper disposal of uneaten bait.
Understanding each chemical’s biological target enables selection of the most appropriate product for specific infestation scenarios while minimizing risks to wildlife and humans.