What can be contracted through a mouse bite? - briefly
A mouse bite can transmit several zoonotic infections, most notably lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and bacterial agents such as Streptococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, and Bartonella henselae. Less common pathogens include Tularemia and rat‑bite fever (Spirillum minus).
What can be contracted through a mouse bite? - in detail
A mouse bite can introduce several pathogens directly into the skin and bloodstream. The most frequently reported bacterial infection is rat‑bite fever, caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis. Symptoms appear within 3–10 days and include fever, chills, rash, and polyarthritis. Prompt treatment with penicillin or doxycycline shortens the course.
Other bacterial agents that may be transmitted include:
- Pasteurella multocida – produces rapid onset of cellulitis, erythema, and purulent discharge; responsive to amoxicillin‑clavulanate.
- Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes – common skin flora that can cause aggressive local infection and, rarely, systemic sepsis; managed with beta‑lactam antibiotics.
- Clostridium tetani – spores introduced by the bite can lead to tetanus; prophylactic tetanus toxoid is recommended if immunization status is uncertain.
- Bartonella henselae – associated with cat‑scratch disease but documented in rodent bites; may cause regional lymphadenopathy and fever; doxycycline is effective.
Viral infections are less common but possible:
- Hantavirus – primarily inhaled, yet documented cases of transmission through bite or scratch exist; presents with fever, myalgia, and hemorrhagic pulmonary syndrome; supportive care is the mainstay.
- Rabies – extremely rare in rodents; nevertheless, post‑exposure prophylaxis should be considered if the animal’s rabies status is unknown.
Fungal pathogens such as Candida species can colonize bite wounds, especially in immunocompromised individuals, leading to persistent dermatitis. Parasites, including Leptospira interrogans, may be transmitted if the bite occurs in a contaminated environment; leptospirosis manifests with fever, headache, and renal involvement, treated with doxycycline or penicillin.
Key clinical considerations after a mouse bite:
- Clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water.
- Apply antiseptic and cover with a sterile dressing.
- Assess tetanus immunization status; administer booster if needed.
- Observe for signs of infection: increasing pain, redness, swelling, pus, or systemic symptoms.
- Obtain cultures if infection is suspected; initiate empiric antibiotics covering Pasteurella, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus while awaiting results.
- Evaluate the need for rabies prophylaxis based on local wildlife regulations and exposure circumstances.
Early medical assessment reduces the risk of severe complications and facilitates targeted therapy.